Symptoms of Uterine Cancer You Shouldn’t Ignore
How do you know if you have uterine cancer? It’s a question that weighs heavily on many minds, particularly since this condition ranks among the most common cancers, predominantly impacting middle-aged and older individuals with a uterus. While some cases remain silent, there are distinct symptoms worth recognizing—clues that may lead to a crucial diagnosis.
In 2022 alone, around 67,000 new instances were recorded, representing roughly 3% of all cancer cases. Such statistics placed uterine cancer as the ninth most diagnosed cancer that year (breast cancer topped the list). Here’s a breakdown of its types, the subtleties of asymptomatic cases, and why timely medical intervention matters.
Types of Uterine Cancer
Uterine cancer originates within the uterus and is broadly divided into two categories: endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma.
Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer arises from the cells lining the uterus, known as the endometrium—the very tissue that sheds during menstruation. This type primarily affects postmenopausal individuals, with the average age of diagnosis hovering around 60.
Key Risk Factors:
- Endometrial hyperplasia: An abnormal thickening of the uterine lining.
- Estrogen exposure: This includes early-onset menstruation, late menopause, hormone therapy using estrogen alone, and never having been pregnant.
- Genetic predisposition: Conditions like Lynch syndrome heighten cancer risks.
- Tamoxifen usage: Prolonged use of this breast cancer medication (over two years).
- Obesity, weight gain, and diabetes.
A 2022 study also linked chemical hair straightener use to an elevated risk. Conversely, factors such as breastfeeding, physical activity, and combined birth control pills may offer protective effects. Interestingly, cigarette smoking may lower uterine cancer risk—although the broader health dangers far outweigh any potential benefit.
Uterine Sarcoma
Far less common, uterine sarcoma develops within the muscles or connective tissues of the uterus. Previous pelvic radiation and tamoxifen exposure are notable risk factors.
Recognizing Uterine Cancer Symptoms
Though both forms of uterine cancer share overlapping symptoms, these signs may also signal less serious conditions, such as menopause, fibroids, infections, or hormonal imbalances. Nevertheless, symptoms warrant attention—and prompt consultation with a healthcare provider.
One distinguishing feature of uterine cancer is that symptoms often appear early, making vigilant awareness vital.
Irregular Vaginal Bleeding or Discharge
Unusual bleeding ranks as the most prevalent early warning sign. Dr. Pamela Soliman, a gynecologic oncology expert from MD Anderson Cancer Center, notes that around 90% of endometrial cancer cases report this symptom. Irregular shedding of the uterine lining due to cancerous growths leads to:
- Bleeding after menopause
- Heavier-than-usual periods
- Spotting between cycles
Discharge may vary from red to brownish, with or without visible blood. While postmenopausal bleeding is a significant red flag, irregular bleeding at any stage calls for medical evaluation.
Pelvic Pain
When uterine cancer grows large enough to compress nearby structures, it can trigger pelvic discomfort. Pain might be persistent or intermittent, sometimes intensifying during sex if a tumor is pressed. Advanced stages, where cancer spreads to the pelvis or abdomen, often cause fluid accumulation and more pronounced discomfort.
Bloating
Although bloating is more associated with ovarian cancer, it can accompany uterine cancer, especially if the disease has reached the abdomen, causing fluid buildup (ascites). Dr. Alison Schram from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center notes that large tumors can create a sensation of fullness.
Gastrointestinal Troubles
In later stages, cancer may block sections of the intestines, leading to abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, or feeling full quickly—issues exacerbated by prior surgeries or radiation exposure.
Unexplained Weight Loss
Significant, unintentional weight loss often signals advanced cancer. Tumors pressing on the stomach can reduce appetite, while systemic inflammation affects metabolism, causing muscle and fat loss.
Increased Urination
A growing tumor may push against the bladder, diminishing its capacity and prompting frequent, often weak, urination urges.
Asymptomatic Cases
Some individuals exhibit no signs whatsoever. The uterus’s ability to stretch allows tumors to grow undetected, making vigilance even more critical.
When to Seek Medical Attention
If abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge persists, especially post-menopause, consult a healthcare provider. Persistent pelvic pain, bloating, gastrointestinal issues, or frequent urination lasting over two weeks also merit professional evaluation. Since no routine screening exists, recognizing these signs could be lifesaving.
A thorough exam, ultrasound, and possible biopsy can confirm a diagnosis—the first step toward effective treatment.
A Final Word
Early detection is key. While symptoms like irregular bleeding or pelvic pain may stem from benign causes, it’s essential to investigate. Uterine cancer—when caught early—is highly treatable, underscoring the importance of prompt medical care.